Having been at this for a while, I should share my thoughts
about the military philosophy of The Military Philosopher. After a lifetime of reading military history,
studying wargames and simulations, walking battlefields, time spent in various
uniforms in the Army National Guard and as a living historian, and a career
working in political military affairs in both the State and Defense Departments,
I do have a military philosophy. It principally draws upon Clausewitz mixed
with a bit of Sun Tzu, a dash of Liddell Hart and the indirect approach, JFC Fuller’s
mobile warfare, and odd ideas here and there from many others. What I propose to do here is to hit some of
the highlights rather than attempt to replicate On War or The Art of War.
Let’s begin by defining some terms. War is the organized use of the threat of
violence and/or actual violence in conflict between two or more states (or
proto-states). Warfare is how humans go
about conducting a war. War is
universal while warfare is where we see the impact of culture, history, social
organization, technology, personality, inspiration, etc. War and warfare exist upon one extreme end of
a spectrum that runs from that extreme to the other – peace. This spectrum presents the range of
activities of states and proto-states as they interact with each other.
The first lesson I took away from reading Clausewitz at the
Naval War College was what I read as his insistence in the introductory
chapters of On War that war is
absolutely, definitively the dumbest possible way to resolve a dispute. The rest of the book is for the benefit of
those who ignore that advice and read on as Clausewitz explains what war is,
what warfare is, and how to be successful in waging war.
The Principles of War are a checklist, a reminder, not a
straightjacket. The commander needs to
mentally run down the list in planning or executing military operations to
determine which ones are relevant, but there is no need to churn out reams of
explanation of how each one does or does not apply. I’m not fixated on any one version of the many
lists of principles that have been put out, primarily because there is a lot of
overlap from one list to the next and usually the variations reflect a
particular technological period and are adjusted as technology changes.
·
Speed
is I think the most important of the principles of war – but in the sense given
it by Suvorov when he said, “Speed is essential, haste harmful.” Speed
is critically important for seizing and maintaining the Initiative as John Boyd famously captured the thought in his OODA
Loop – observe, orient, decide, act – in order to get inside your opponent’s
own OODA cycle and put him into a purely reactive posture.
·
Surprise
means doing anything that your opponent did not expect, i.e. attacking him in a
place, or at a time, or with a capability that he didn’t expect. Surprise is one of the very earliest ‘force
multipliers.’ A critical effect of
surprise is to give the attacker the Initiative.
·
Mass
and/or Unity of Effort are aspects
of the same challenge for the commander, i.e. making sure that enough friendly
force is concentrated at the right place and right time to ensure victory and
that few if any friendly forces are needlessly left out of the fight.
·
Simplicity
– as in “Keep it Simple, Stupid”. Combat
is a multiple body problem and as the physicists/astrophysicists know the more
bodies you have in motion the harder it is to know who’s doing what much less
control them as they do it.
You never want to pit your strength directly against your
opponent’s strength. You want to commit
it against his weakness – never fight fair.
Therefore, all properly executed warfare is Asymmetric Warfare.
The Combined Arms
approach to combat is essential – infantry, armor, artillery, air and sea
power. No single arm wins wars without the support
and aid of the other forms of combat power.
While never denying the delight in having effective close air support
(among other things), nothing says victory like a foot parade through the
streets of the enemy capital (though the political decision-makers may conclude
that it’s better to trade that pleasure for a sustainable peace after the war). When everything inevitably breaks down,
everyone in uniform is an infantryman.
When all else fails, you should still have your personal weapon(s) and
the knowledge of how to use them effectively.
As for commanders, I have seen at least two senior German
Generals, General Kurt von Hammerstein and Field Marshal von Manstein, quoted
as offering a formula which must have been taught at one of the German training
schools (or learned in the corridors, so to speak). I prefer the version attributed to von
Hammerstein but both say essentially the same thing:
“There
are four kinds of officer: the lazy,
stupid type who do no harm; the intelligent, hard-working type who make good
staff officers; the lazy, intelligent type are the best strategic leaders;
and, finally, the stupid, hardworking type who must be dismissed immediately as
they will lead to disaster.”
Thomas Kuhn argued that his concept of scientific revolution
was not applicable to the social sciences but I disagree. I am a believer in the concept of The
Revolution in Military Affairs, though I do not buy in to all of the touted RMAs
cited over recent decades. RMA is still
not widely or correctly understood. For
example, many people do not realize that there can be more than one RMA at work
simultaneously and that they are usually more easily recognized after the
fact. It is also overlooked that the
real revolution is in the application of a “new” technology – often something
that has in fact been around for a decade or two before its optimal application
is understood, recognized, and used. It is important to remember that there is no
such thing as an obsolete weapon or military technology; it retains value as a
niche or situational tool.
Holding the Moral
High Ground in conducting military combat operations is critically
important. This is true for the
individual soldier, sailor, marine, or airman as well as for the armed forces to
which they belong, and for the nation that sent them out to do so. We have to give the individuals all of the
tools – physical, mental, spiritual – that will enable them to identify and secure
that moral high ground in every tactical, operational, strategic, and political
situation. They need to begin building
this from their first day of training because done correctly this will also
equip them for the transition back into the civilian world upon the completion
of their service.
To close, I offer one final observation. Having invented warfare in order to better
harness war and bend it to benefit humanity, history amply demonstrates that
after millennia we generally are not very good at it. The expenditure of treasure and blood is
usually greater than whatever material benefits (barring simple survival)
have been gained by that expenditure. Even
the greatest masters of the art of war like Napoleon I and Alexander the Great
fell short over the span of their careers.
This should give us all added reason to pause and think calmly about any
decision regarding launching a war because war always includes renewed
validation of the Law of Unintended Consequences.
