“The Impossible Game” A History of Chess, by David Shenk

I have long noted chess as one of the oldest games of strategy in the West in discussing the history of wargaming and wargames, and its origins and roots in Persia and India take it back much farther.  Author David Shenk guides us on an entertaining, informative journey through the history of the game in his book “The Impossible Game”.  Providing moments of diversion from that journey is the parallel telling of a single chess game played between two masters of the mid-19th Century, Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky, immortalized as “The Impossible Game” referred to in the title.

I don’t remember when I first learned about chess, how the pieces move, and a general idea of how the game works.  I still make no claim to having learned how to play chess.  David Shenk’s account of the history and evolution of the game and its play both supports that confession while renewing my interest in the game.  I found his explanations of the pieces and strategy of the game very clear and insightful, much easier to grasp than what I had read in the past from a handful of the tens of thousands of books written about Chess.

I have also decided that in the argument about whether or not chess is a “wargame”, it is at the very least a battle game and it offers many of the same benefits from playing as do wargames.  Benjamin Franklin offered what might be considered the classical argument in favor of chess as a wargame:

   “We learn by chess the habit of not being discouraged by present bad appearances in the state of our affairs, the habit of hoping for a favorable change, and that of persevering in the search of resources.” 

He went on to specify the beneficial lessons of playing chess:

Foresight – looking ahead to the long-term consequences of any action

Circumspection- surveying the entire scene, observing hidden dynamics and unseen possibilities, dangers,

Caution-avoiding haste and unnecessary blunders as you must abide the consequences

Perseverance-refusing to give up in dim circumstances, continually pushing to improve one’s [relative] position and look for the opportunities

Author Shenk is kind enough to include Franklin’s collected thoughts on chess in an appendix of his book but you can also read it here:.  https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-29-02-0608

Obviously real generals did play chess, though a British chess writer in 1840 wrote upon observing Napoleon playing chess that “He played openings badly…and was impatient if his adversary dwelt too long upon his move…. Under defeat…he was sore and irritable.”  In exile on St Helena, he ironically played with an ivory chess set sent to him as a gift without ever knowing that the plans for an elaborate escape from the island were hidden in the chess set, but the officer with that knowledge died on the voyage to the island and never revealed the secret.  So being a good chess player, or being a good general, does not automatically mean you will be good at the other.

Researchers studying how Chess Grandmasters ‘saw’ the game as they played it, blindfolded them as they played, and then asked them to draw how they saw the board in their mind.  Rather than drawing a photographic like picture of the board, their drawings focused on the patterns made by the major pieces and the lines made by their relative positions on the board.  In a lifetime of studying battles and playing wargames, I can recognize this manner of seeing a battle and planning actions in it. 

Author Shenk goes on to recount a more recent study in which Australia’s Defense Science and Technology Organization analyzed chess games examining 3 key variables:

·         material (number of pieces per player);

·         tempo (number of moves allowed per turn), and

·         search depth (number of moves ahead).

The intent was to find insights into war and conflicts in which these are critical elements of the contest.  They concluded that “deep searching” – seeing more moves ahead – combined with an increased tempo overwhelmed an opposing force having greater material, i.e., more pieces.

A more entertaining observation offered by David Shenk was the suggestion that one of the most famous chess games in cinema was won because the winner – HAL, the computer – psyched his opponent.  In the film 2001: A Space Odyssey – HAL apparently cheats at chess via a psych move – 

HAL: Bishop takes Knight’s pawn

FRANK: Lovely move…Rook to King One

HAL: I’m sorry, Frank, I think you missed it.  Queen to Bishop three, Bishop takes Queen, Knight takes Bishop, Mate.

FRANK: Yeah, looks like you’re right.  I resign.

HAL: Thank you for a very enjoyable game.

[HAL doesn’t tell the truth about the forced Mate.  The Computer essentially intimidates Frank into resigning.]

Dave Shenk has given us an entertaining, informative, and for me inspiring book about the game of chess – its play, its history, and its potential.  I will leave with you a particularly apt piece of advice he shared – for chess players and for generals:

Rudolf Spielmann said, “Play the opening like a book, the middle game like a magician, and the endgame like a machine.”

“I’m A Wargamer”

I spent a week in early August at Connections 2019 hosted by the Army War College and held at the nearby Army Heritage and Educational Center (AHEC) in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.  The AHEC facility is easier to access with less disruption to the AWC’s primary mission.  One of the most important things I have learned over several years attending Connections is that I am a wargamer.  And in that regard I can claim both Amateur and Professional status.  (I’m also a ‘systems thinker’ which Volko Ruhnke explained at a previous Connections.)

Why am I a wargamer?

Chess was and is too abstract and too far removed from any identifiable battlefield to hold my interest.  Wargames present varied terrain, asymmetric forces, and potential insights into war, warfare, military and political history, technology, and the people who bring all of these things together.  Wargames offer the historian or any player the opportunity to better understand the warfighter – and offer the warfighter a deeper understanding of military history and of their profession.  As with boardgames in general, playing wargames also offers personal lessons from playing the games – the exercise of foresight and planning; how to cope with plans that go awry (as they usually do); and how to be both a good loser and a good winner as chance picks them.  It is perhaps worth noting that most 19^th Century Kriegsspiels included remarks upon how players should conduct themselves during a game.

The title “wargamer” can be used with negative connotations, as a friend at the Center for Naval Analysis (aka CNA) used it during a conversation early in our acquaintance.  As I described my wargaming history – “You’re a WARGAMER!” he exclaimed – suggesting that I couldn’t be relied upon to enter into his world.  I noted that, yes, I was a ‘wargamer’ but I was the kind of wargamer who marched the Army of the Potomac off of the board in AH’s Gettysburg to see if I could pull off a safe withdrawal when victory was clearly out of reach. 

 

My grandmother shelled out four hard earned dollars in response to my pleading and bought me that first wargame – the 1961 hex version of Gettysburg by Avalon Hill.  Just the discovery that such a thing as a wargame existed was a revelation for a military history mad young boy.   I soon gathered a small circle of like-minded friends in Junior High School and we waited eagerly for what was at first an annual single new game released by Avalon Hill.  We would quickly agree on which of us would buy it and add to our collective game library.  Later, we were introduced to SPI – Simulations Publications Incorporated and Strategy and Tactics – the magazine with a wargame in it – known to grognards even at that young age as “S&T”.

We eventually branched out into miniatures gaming using the classic Tractics II rules, Roskopf model tanks, and Airfix figures.  Another friend introduced us to the world of wargame conventions at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin where GenCon was born in Horticultural Hall.  There we primarily focused on Napoleonic miniatures battles playing with the Napoleonique rules.

Joining the State Department career as a Foreign Service Officer, I found opportunities to explore a whole new level of wargaming.  I was always willing to participate, if otherwise available, in NATO exercises, Continuity of Government exercises, State-DOD exercises, etc.  As a member of the Army National Guard, trained as an Armored Scout /Observer , I participated in field exercises and maneuvers.  After retirement from the Department of State, I worked for about a decade as a Subject Matter Expert , Scenario Scripter, and Role Player/Role Play Manager.  Joining NSDM – the National Security Decision Making Game, I found myself drawing on my professional experience as we guided players through the dark days of the Cold War and the often equally daunting crises of the contemporary era or even a future international situation.  I have also spent a lot of time researching the history of wargames and wargaming, with special interest in the 19th Century ‘kriegsspiels’ adopted by a number of armies in Europe as well as the US Army.  This accumulated on-the-job training led me to Connections, which brings together wargamers, game and simulation designers, etc., from government, industry, private sector, and the hobby world.

If you, too, might be a wargamer or are just curious, you can read about what we did at this year’s Connections 2019 in Carlisle.  In 2020, Connections will be held August 4-7, 2020 at Quantico, Virginia.  You can also learn about other Connections conferences in the UK, Netherlands, Australia, and elsewhere at https://paxsims.wordpress.com/

  

Steinbeck's Short but Effective Novel of The Resistance - The Moon is Down

I admit that I am not a great fan of the 20^th Century American novel, though it turns out in retrospect  that my educational exposure to Steinbeck included The Pearl, Of Mice and Men, The Grapes of Wrath, and Cannery Row.  In more recent years I have come to appreciate his non-fiction work and especially his journalistic reports during World War Two, collected in Once There Was a War.

This Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics edition of John Steinbeck’s World War Two resistance novel includes a very informative 18 page introduction by Donald V. Coers, Professor of English and scholar of Steinbeck’s body of work.  Also included are more than three pages of suggested further reading.

This introduction recounts how Steinbeck worked with the U.S. Office of Coordinator of Information and “Wild” Bill Donovan’s Office of Strategic Services (OSS) to support the Allied war effort.  Steinbeck’s work in that regard brought him into contact with displaced citizens and refugees from a number of European nations then under Nazi occupation.

In late 1941, Steinbeck conceived the idea for a short novel about the experience of being invaded and occupied.  Reworking a first draft that was set in America, he published this final version as The Moon is Down in March, 1942.  It was soon staged on Broadway and in 1943 a film version premiered.  Critical reaction was varied and often quite strongly negative.  However, according to Professor Coer’s account, this short novel was well received in the afore-mentioned communities of wartime exiles.  Their positive response led to the text being smuggled into Occupied Europe.  In Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, and eventually China, clandestinely translated, printed or mimeographed editions were distributed by underground resistance organizations and became a strong element in pro-Allied propaganda campaigns.  Nazi occupation forces banned the book (even in Germany) but copies were actually for sale in several countries as a fund-raising effort by the resistance.

The story itself is told simply in neat, clean prose.  The events of invasion, occupation, etc., are narrated without benefit of Hollywood style drama.  Neither the occupied nor the occupiers are ever identified by nationality or geographic location.  The action is set almost entirely in and around a small simple town, with the sea on one side and farmland surrounding it on land.  The reader is introduced by name to the individual citizens and soldiers interacting in this small drama, but we are offered no information about the larger world and larger war beyond the victory of the occupiers.  The story is thus embodied at a very personal scale as each individual is presented with choices and makes decisions about how to react in this new situation.

I think Steinbeck’s choices in this work explain why it had such a popular response in so many different occupied countries.  It is a story in many ways still relevant today in a world still marred by armed violence that crosses borders and reaches even into peoples’ homes.